Sukkot is a joyous festival that celebrates the harvest and commemorates G-d protection of the Israelites during the 40 years that they spent wandering in the desert after leaving Egypt. One of the most significant customs of Sukkot is the waving of the four species: the lulav (palm branch), the etrog (citron), the hadas (myrtle), and the aravah (willow). These four species are held together and waved in all six directions during the Hallel prayer on each of the seven days of Sukkot.
The four species represent different parts of the body, and each has its own symbolic meaning. According to Jewish mysticism, the four species are also said to represent different spiritual qualities, and each is associated with one of the four letters of God's holy name: Yud, Hei, Vav, and Hei.
The etrog, which is often considered the most important of the four species, represents the heart. Its shape is said to resemble the human heart, and it is associated with the emotion of joy. The four species are also said to represent the unity of the Jewish people, as it is made up of different types that come together.
The lulav, which is made up of a palm branch, represents the spine. It is associated with the trait of kindness, and symbolizes the righteousness and uprightness of the Jewish people. The hadas, or myrtle, represents the eyes. It is associated with the trait of knowledge, and symbolizes the importance of learning and understanding. The aravah, or willow, represents the lips. It is associated with the trait of humility, and symbolizes the importance of speaking with humility and kindness.
When the four species are brought together and waved, they symbolize the unity of the Jewish people, and the different spiritual qualities that each individual brings to the community. By waving the four species in all directions, we remind ourselves that God's presence is everywhere, and that we should strive to bring holiness and joy into all aspects of our lives.
In addition to their spiritual significance, the four species are also a symbol of nature and the harvest, reminding us to be grateful for the bounty of the earth and to appreciate the beauty of God's creation. The mitzvah of the four species is a tangible reminder of the blessings that surround us, and a call to celebrate life with joy and gratitude.
Mystical meaning behinde the four species